PSI - Issue 53

Daniel R. Galán-Rivera et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 53 (2024) 407–415 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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4. Conclusions The main conclusion of the study is that satisfactory results may be achieved in the tramway rail hard facing by laser repairing when using a proper preheating and powder flow. The appropriate settings for each powder material subject to study are described as follows: • Material 1: It is possible to laser repairing, as long as a preheating of tramway rail was performed and enough slow cooling was guaranteed. The best powder flow was high. • Material 2: It is the easier powder to overlay the tramway rail. It is no necessary preheating. The powder flow was high. • Material 3: It is possible perform the laser repairing. Control the powder flow is essential to avoid the longitudinal non-metallic inclusions. Preheating at 100-120 ºC it is necessary. It is recommended to carry out a superficial thermal treatment to re-tempering the outer layer and thus reducing hardness. The powder flow was intermediate. • Material 4: Problems of cracking occurs in the heat affected zone during the cooling. Both materials have an incompatible chemistry. It is recommended apply a buttering layer between base material and the material. The powder flow was the highest. • Material 5: Problems of cracking in the layer occurs during the cooling period. As the previous powder, it is recommended perform an intermediate layer of buttering to allow a satisfactory overlay. The powder flow was the lowest. ArcelorMittal, 2018. Grooved Rails for Tramways. Technical Manual, ArcelorMittal Europe Long Products: Rail & Special Sections. Borck, R., 2019. Public transport and urban pollution. Reg. Sci. Urban. Econ. 77, 356-366. CEN, 2019. Railway applications – Track – Special purpose rail – Grooved rails and associated construction profiles. CEN/TC 256 – Railway applications. Chen, J., Gou, G., Zhu, Z., Gao, W., 2020. Rail surfacing repairing technique with self-shielded flux-cored wires. International Journal of Modern Physics B, 34(01n03), 2040056. Cho, S., 2018. 30 years working together solve Shangai´s most pressing water problems. Worldbank https://blogs.worldbank.org/water/30-years working-together-solve-shanghai-s-most-pressing-water-problems. Ding, H., Mu, X., Zhu, Y., Yang, W., Xiao, Q., Wang, W., Zhou, Z., 2022. Effect of laser claddings of Fe-based alloy powder with different concentrations of WS2 on the mechanical and tribological properties of railway wheel. Wear, 488, 204174. Galán-Rivera, D.R., Orviz-Theodosius, J. M., Vigil, M., Miranda, D. Belzunce-Varela, F. J., 2020. Welding repair process of vanadium steel grooved rails and its validation by means of finite element modelization (FEM). Rev. Metal. 56(2): e168. Lewis, S. R., Lewis, R., Fletcher, D. I., 2012. Assessment of laser cladding as an option for repair of rails. Growth. 9th International Conference on Contact Mechanics and Wear of Rail/Wheel Systems (CM2012). Lu, P., Lewis, S. R., Fretwell-Smith, S., Engelberg, D. L., Fletcher, D. I., Lewis, R., 2019. Laser cladding of rail; the effects of depositing material on lower rail grades. Wear, 438, 203045. Martin, L., Calvo, F., Hermoso, A., De Oña, J., 2014. Analysis of light rail systems in Spain according to their type of funding. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 162, 419-428. Mortazavian, E., Wang, Z., Teng, H., 2020. Repair of light rail track through restoration of the worn part of the railhead using submerged arc welding process. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 107, 3315-3332. Mortazavian, E., Wang, Z., Teng, H., 2022. Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and hardness of a worn rail repaired using laser powder deposition. International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology, 11(2), 406-422. Sandor, T., Ramsey, J., Dumovic, M., Wiseman, R., 2013. Onsite repair welding of rails. Metals New Zealand. Tomlinson, K.; Fletcher, D. I.; Lewis, R., 2023. Evaluation of laser cladding as an in-situ repair method on rail steel. Tribology International, vol. 180, p. 108210. References