PSI - Issue 51

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Mohammed Algarni et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 51 (2023) 185–191 M. Algarni/ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2022) 000–000

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Likewise, the strain at fracture slightly increases as the IFD increase (Fig. 6 right ). The average strain at fracture for all specimens with an IFD of 30% is 1.86%. Strain at fracture increased by 5% on average to become 1.97% for specimens with IFD equal to 50%. The samples with IFD 80% have the highest strain at fracture on an average of 2.09%. This value might be explained by having higher IFD (more material within the specimen) makes it more powerful, resulting in higher fracture resistance. Therefore, more strain is needed to break a specimen. The analyses show that IFD has the most significant impact on the tensile strength but has a moderate influence on the strain at fracture. 5. Summary and conclusions This study illustrates the effect of three printing process variables: raster angle (RSA), layer thickness (LYT), and infill density (IFD), on two outputs: strength at fracture and strain behavior upon PLA-printed specimens. The specimens were prepared under 27 different combinations of 3D printing process parameters. Each set of combinations was repeated four times, resulting in 108 tests. The RSAs selected were 0º, 45º, and 90º, the selected LYT were 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm, and the selected IFD were 30%, 50%, and 80%. The highest tensile strength was 1045 N for set number 9, where the RSA, LYT, and IFD were 0%, 0.3 mm, and 80%, respectively. On the other hand, the highest strain to fracture was 2.45% for set number 27, where the RSA, LYT, and IFD are 90%, 0.3 mm, and 80%, respectively. The experimental results show that the lower RSA, the higher LYT, and a higher IFD results in higher tensile strength. Furthermore, the results also show that IFD has the most influence on the tensile strength, whereas the RSA has the most influence on the strain at fracture. Two models were presented to describe the mechanical properties, and they were validated with a tolerable error range of ± 6.1% for tensile strength and ± 4.2% for strain at fracture. The optimized set of process parameters for maximum tensile strength (1010 N) is RSA = 0º, LYT = 0.3mm, and IFD = 75%, whereas highest value of strain at fracture possible is 2.55% by having an optimized set of process parameters as RSA = 90º, LYT = 0.24mm, and IFD = 65%. References Algarni, M., 2021. The Influence of Raster Angle and Moisture Content on the Mechanical Properties of PLA Parts Produced by Fused Deposition Modeling. Polymers 13, 237. Algarni, M., 2022. Fatigue Behavior of PLA Material and the Effects of Mean Stress and Notch: Experiments and Modeling. Procedia Structural Integrity 37, 676-683. Algarni, M., Sami G., 2021. Comparative Study of the Sensitivity of PLA, ABS, PEEK, and PETG’s Mechanical Properties to FDM Printing Process Parameters. Crystals 11, 995. Beaman, J. J., Barlow, J. W., Bourell, D. L., Crawford, R. H., Marcus, H. L., McAlea, K. P., 1997. Solid freeform fabrication: a new direction in manufacturing. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 2061: 25-49. Bembenek, M., Kowalski, L. Kosoń-Schab, A., 2022. Research on the Influence of Processing Parameters on the Specific Tensile Strength of FDM Additive Manufactured PET-G and PLA Materials. Polymers 14, 2446. Cojocaru, V., Frunzaverde, D., Miclosina, C.-O., Marginean, G., 2022. The influence of the process parameters on the mechanical properties of PLA specimens produced by fused filament fabrication—A review. Polymers 14, 886. Feygin, M., Hsieh, B.,1991. "Laminated object manufacturing (LOM): a simpler process." In International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. California. Li, H., Wang, T., Sun, J., Yu, Z., 2018. The effect of process parameters in fused deposition modelling on bonding degree and mechanical properties. Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, 80-92. Pires, F. Q., Alves-Silva, I., Pinho, L. A. G., Chaker, J. A., Sa-Barreto, L. L., Gelfuso, G. M. Gratieri, T., Cunha-Filho, M., 2020. Predictive models of FDM 3D printing using experimental design based on pharmaceutical requirements for tablet production. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 588, 119728. Snee, R. D., 1975. Experimental designs for quadratic models in constrained mixture spaces. Technometrics 17, 149-59. Snee, R. D., 1985. Computer-aided design of experiments—some practical experiences. Journal of Quality Technology 17, 222-236. Zhou, Xunfei, Sheng-Jen Hsieh, and Chen-Ching Ting, 2018. Modelling and estimation of tensile behaviour of polylactic acid parts manufactured by fused deposition modelling using finite element analysis and knowledge-based library. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 13: 177-190. Zhuang, Y., Zou, B., Ding, S., Wang, P., 2022. Shear and Tensile Behaviors of Fiber-Reinforced Resin Matrix Composites Printed by the FDM Technology. Coatings 12, 1000.