PSI - Issue 48

Ilham Bagus Wiranto et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 48 (2023) 65–72 Wiranto et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2023) 000 – 000

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2.3. Effect of CFRPs material Current research in cashbox studies has explored the use of various materials with the aim of improving the crashworthiness performance of vehicles. One of the most popular materials studied is composite materials, particularly carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs). These have been found to have high specific strength and stiffness, making them attractive for energy absorption applications. However, their anisotropic nature poses challenges in design and analysis. Studies have also investigated the use of other materials such as aluminum alloys, steel, and hybrid materials, including combinations of CFRPs and metals. The materials offer different advantages and trade-offs in terms of weight, cost, and crashworthiness performance. Numerical simulations, drop tower tests, and full-scale crash tests have been used to evaluate the performance of different materials and structures in crash scenarios. Overall, the current research aims to develop lightweight and cost-effective designs that can effectively absorb impact energy and enhance passenger safety in vehicle crashes. Huang et al. [2019] stated the unstable local tube wall buckling and brittle fracture damage dominate the deformation process of pure CFRP specimens. The number of composite layers added increases the crushing resistance of CFRP tubes. In the progressive buckling mode, all of the pure Al tubes collapse. The increased wall thickness and sectional cell number of these pure Al tubes will improve their crashworthiness. The deformation of the Al/CFRP hybrid tubes is dominated by the progressive buckling of Al and accompanied by the brittle fracture of CFRP. Yang and Ren [2023] studied the crashworthiness of CFRP/AL hybrid circular tubes with different wrapping angles and metal thicknesses under lateral crushing load by numerical simulation. The simulation result shows that as the wrapping angle increase (0°-45°), the Maximum load, energy absorption, specific energy absorption, and crushing force efficiency are also increased. Riccio et al. [2020] examined the crashworthiness of a carbon composite fuselage barrel for civil aircraft transportation using a combination of experimental and numerical methods. Experimental data from a drop test and numerical results from an advanced numerical model were used to investigate the impact of damage onset and evolution on the fuselage barrel's overall mechanical response during a crash event. The proposed numerical model, which uses Hashin's Failure Criteria and gradual material properties degradation rules, was implemented in the ABAQUS/Explicit finite elements environment to simulate intra-laminar damage onset and evolution in composite sub-components. Meanwhile, a failure criterion for ductile metallic materials was adopted for the aluminum alloy. Wang et al. [2023] investigated deformation characteristics, energy absorbing mechanism, influence of geometrical dimensions, and lightweight optimization design of hybrid aluminum/CFRP stringer using both experimental studies and numerical studies. The result shows that hybrid stringer increased around 34.1% of energy absorption compared to aluminum only stringers. In summary, CFRP has attracted many researchers in the last decades due to high specific strength and stiffness, making them beneficial for energy absorption applications. Both experimental and numerical studies are popular methods among researchers to investigate CFRP crashworthiness of a full-scale component model and specimen level. Moreover, many studies investigated the combination of CFRP and metal material known as hybrid structure crashworthiness. In addition, the fiber volume content and staking sequence are crucial factors that influence the performance of the composite crushed structures. Material composition and manufacturing sequence technique is an active field of research to enhance the CFRP crashworthiness. 3. Future Works The crashworthiness domain's ultimate objective is to create a lightweight design with effective crashworthiness performance during a crash event. This objective has been partially achieved by incorporating lightweight materials such as composites. Composite materials have grown in popularity for crashworthiness applications due to their excellent energy absorption performance, high specific stiffness, and high specific strength. Compared to metallic structures like mild steel and aluminum, composite structures absorb more energy per unit mass, a characteristic known as Specific Energy Absorption [Ramakrishna and Hamada, 1998]. Nevertheless, the anisotropic nature of composite materials makes it difficult to design and analyze composite energy absorbers. Furthermore, composite structures have an environmental impact since it is challenging to recycle used composite materials [Shin et al., 2002]. As a result, more research is expected to investigate the crashworthiness behavior of composite structures fully to realize the benefits of using these structures as energy-absorbing systems. This review has demonstrated that axially loaded components that deform