PSI - Issue 48

Snežana Stojičić et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 48 (2023) 104 – 112 Stojičić et al/ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 ( 2023) 000–000

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Failures related to the production process are caused by failures in the production of elements and/or their integration into the system. Ageing failure is a failure whose probability of occurrence increases as a function of time. Misuse failure is a failure that occurs at a workload that is greater than or different from the operating characteristics of the system's stable operation. A mishandling failure is a failure caused by improper handling or carelessness in using the system. The failure mechanism may include a number of physical, chemical, and other processes that can lead to failure, endangering human life and health, and material damage. In technical systems, design solutions, construction, selection of materials, use in prescribed conditions, regular and extraordinary maintenance, and application of other measures, the aim is to reduce the probability of the occurrence of unwanted events. It is desired to be reduced to a minimal or acceptable level. The basic processes that represent the causes at the lowest level for starting the failure mechanism, corrosion, wear, oxidation, hardening, etc. are included in particular (Imamović et al., 2017). Maintenance costs of technical systems during their lifetime follow the failure curve. The failure intensity can be defined as ℷ  =     =  2  − 2 −∆ ∆∙ 2  (1) where R(t) is the reliability, f(t) is the probability of failure in the observed time interval t, and N is the sample size, where N 1 is the number of elements that have failed in the observed time interval, and N 2 =N- N 1 is the number of elements that function correctly. Taking into account other influencing factors, there are a large number of parameters that affect reliability, and they are highly variable, so statistical methods are used for the assessment, on the basis of which the assessment and forecast of the impact on the observed system is arrived at. 2.1 Risk management with an emergency aspect The engineering approach makes a significant contribution in the field of emergency situations and disasters both from the aspect of establishing standards for system design and security, as well as from the aspect of planning, evaluation, and taking measures in the case of unwanted events by providing an adequate response to prevent the occurrence of harmful consequences. The Law on Disaster Risk Reduction and Emergency Management (LoDRRaEM, 2018) regulates disaster risk reduction, prevention, and strengthening of resilience and readiness of individuals and communities to respond to the consequences of disasters, as well as the protection and rescue of people, material, cultural, and other assets. This law defines the rights and obligations of citizens, associations, legal entities, bodies of local self-government units, autonomous provinces, and the Republic of Serbia for the management of emergency situations, the functioning of civil protection, early warning, notification, and warning, international cooperation, inspection supervision, and other matters of importance for organising and the functioning of disaster risk reduction and emergency management systems. The disaster risk reduction and emergency management system is of particular interest and is part of the national security system. Risk management, in this domain, is a set of measures and activities that are carried out with the aim of implementing the disaster risk reduction policy, as well as administrative, operational, and organisational skills and capacities for their implementation (LoDRRaEM, 2018). Risk assessments and preventive measures and activities undertaken to prevent and reduce the risk of disasters are integrated into sectorial development plans and programmes in all areas of an administration and, as such, represent the basis for the application of forensic engineering methods and techniques. 2.2 Strategies for risk management In performing their activities, all types of organizations, regardless of their size, encounter internal or external factors that lead to uncertainty as to whether and when the set goals will be achieved. All activities of the organisation involve the existence of risks. The organisation manages those risks by identifying them, analysing them, evaluating them, and making decisions about dealing with them. During the process of risk management, the organisation communicates with all stakeholders and monitors and reviews risks and procedures that reduce risk and ensure a level of risk at which it is no longer necessary to treat them at an acceptable risk (Fig. 2). 2.3 Standards in the field of risk management