PSI - Issue 47

A. Vrouva et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 47 (2023) 521–534 Vrouva et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000 Vrouva et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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the west façade of the orthostates. For the backing wall it w as already decided due to the heavily damaged core of the blocks that the connectors should be anchored to the east façade to ensure the counteraction of the wall. The connection that was designe d contained two titanium parts connected with a special nut. The part anchored to the orthostate was an L shaped rod inserted in a drilled hole inside the orthostate (that part was smooth and was secured in place by very good fitting without any mortar – in order not to disturb the ancient sockets) and threaded at one end for the nut to engage. The part that penetrated and was anchored to the backing wall was a simple rod threaded for the nut to engage while the other end had the form of a cut off cone in order to meet the requirements of the least damage to the hosting ancient socket resembling a barrel anchorage with wedges. The tests performed showed that the anchorage on the backing wall was sufficient to carry the design loads, while the L shaped rods proved unable to reach the desirable load limit and slipped out of the hole at a lower pull out force. The design of the connections was revaluated and anchorage to the west facade of the orthostates was considered as well as securing the L shaped rods with cement mortars. The results of the testing are presented. © 2023 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the IGF27 chairpersons Keywords: ancient monuments; Parthenon’s tympanon; titanium connectors; DEM analysis; seismic response; real accelerrograms; modeling calibration; in-situ testing; 1. Introduction The pediment (or tympanon) of the Parthenon consists of two parts (see Fig. 1), unlike other monuments where usually a plain wall is constructed. The first part, which forms the background for the sculptures, is formed with thin marble slabs (orthostates) and the second part is constructed as a simple massive isodomic wall with marble ashlar blocks (backing wall), see Fig. 2. The overall dimension of the pediment is m long and the highest part is about m high. The orthostates blocks (10 slabs in total; approximately 2,4m long each) have a width varying from 0.45 to 0.25m. The typical dimension of a backing wall block is approximately 0.5m high, 1.8m long and 0.8m wide. the west façade of the orthostates. For the backing wall it w as already decided due to the heavily damaged core of the blocks that the connectors should be anchored to the east façade to ensure the counteraction of the wall. The connection that was designe d contained two titanium parts connected with a special nut. The part anchored to the orthostate was an L shaped rod inserted in a drilled hole inside the orthostate (that part was smooth and was secured in place by very good fitting without any mortar – in order not to disturb the ancient sockets) and threaded at one end for the nut to engage. The part that penetrated and was anchored to the backing wall was a simple rod threaded for the nut to engage while the other end had the form of a cut off cone in order to meet the requirements of the least damage to the hosting ancient socket resembling a barrel anchorage with wedges. The tests performed showed that the anchorage on the backing wall was sufficient to carry the design loads, while the L shaped rods proved unable to reach the desirable load limit and slipped out of the hole at a lower pull out force. The design of the connections was revaluated and anchorage to the west facade of the orthostates was considered as well as securing the L shaped rods with cement mortars. The results of the testing are presented. © 2023 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the IGF27 chairpersons Keywords: ancient monuments; Parthenon’s tympanon; titanium connectors; DEM analysis; seismic response; real accelerrograms; modeling calibration; in-situ testing; 1. Introduction The pediment (or tympanon) of the Parthenon consists of two parts (see Fig. 1), unlike other monuments where usually a plain wall is constructed. The first part, which forms the background for the sculptures, is formed with thin marble slabs (orthostates) and the second part is constructed as a simple massive isodomic wall with marble ashlar blocks (backing wall), see Fig. 2. The overall dimension of the pediment is m long and the highest part is about m high. The orthostates blocks (10 slabs in total; approximately 2,4m long each) have a width varying from 0.45 to 0.25m. The typical dimension of a backing wall block is approximately 0.5m high, 1.8m long and 0.8m wide. © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the IGF27 chairpersons

Fig. 1. The Parthenon’s West pediment, Photo archive Acropolis Restoration Service, T. Souvlakis. Fig. 1. The Parthenon’s West pediment, Photo archive Acropolis Restoration Service, T. Souvlakis.

Fig. 2. Perspective section of the Parthenon ’s pedi ment. Orlandos,1978. Fig. 2. Perspective section of the Parthenon ’s pedi ment. Orlandos,1978.