PSI - Issue 47

Irina A. Bannikova et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 47 (2023) 602–607 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

604

3

Table 1. The parameters of samples by methods loading.

Sample

Loading methods Shock wave loading

Diameter d, mm 12 ± 0.01 (external) 7.8 ± 0.01 (internal)

Height h, mm

Density ρ, kg/m 3

Al 2 O 3 , tubular samples

(12.7 … 16.7) ±0.1

2600 ± 10

Quartzite, cylinders

Quasi-stati с, dynamic loading

26.7 ± 0.01

21.6 ±0.1 13.7 ±0.1 10.2 ±0.1

(2 580…2620)± 10 (2110 …2190)± 10 (1970…2580)± 10

Quart, cylinders

Quasi-static

(11.96… 12.17) ± 0.01

Sandstone, cylinders

Dynamic loading

10.8 ±0.01

The samples with piezoelectric properties (Kats and Simanovich (1974)) were studied to combine the loads and fractoluminescence registration by photomultiplier (PTM), oscilloscope (Tektronix DPO 7254 Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope FD) and high-speed camera (Photron FASTCAM SA- Z 2100K, frequency 6×104 fps). PTM was installed into one oscilloscope channel. This set-up and registration system allow the spatial-temporal analysis of fragmentation for sandstone, quartzite, and quartz samples that could represent the interest for geophysical applications. 3. Results and discussion After testing the samples, the statistical analysis of fragment size (mass) distributions (Fig. 2, examples of cumulative fragment mass distributions greater than a certain specified mass) and the distributions of signals from the photomultiplier (PMT) were constructed (Fig. 3) as the example deformation and failure of quartzite and quartz. The time intervals between fractoluminescence pulses obtained by a PMT. The results of the experiments are described for porous ceramics by Naimark et al. (2017), Bannikova et al. (2016) and Bannikova et al. (2014); for quartz by Bannikova and Uvarov (2021a) and quartzite by Bannikova and Uvarov (2021b). Sandstone cylinders were fracture with the formation of two types of fragments: fragments with the size comparable to the sample and numerous small fragments of different shapes. Despite the fact that the cumulative distribution of fragments by mass had three weak slopes (see Fig. 4a) caused by the predominance of small fragments, the entire distribution was well described by a power function with R 2 ~0.95. The upper inflection point (2) is more likely related to estimating of fragments number on the last sieves.

100000000

Sandstone 0.604 GPa_4.3 J/g_DL Sandstone 0.288 GPa_2.6 J/g_DL Sandstone 0.079 GPa_1.2 J/g_DL Sandstone 0.046 GPa_0.9 J/g_DL Quartzite No.2_0.45 GPa_QSL Quartzite No.1_0.34 GPa_QSL Quartzite No.4_0.18 GPa_QSL Quartzite No.3_0.028 GPa_DL Al2O3_0.059 GPa_EEW_23.0 J/g Al2O3_0.048 GPa_EEW_18.6 J/g Al2O3_0.041 GPa_EEW_15.8 J/g Al2O3_0.025 GPa_EEW_9.9 J/g Al2O3_0.011 GPa EEW_4.4 J/g Quartz No.5_0.54 GPa_QSL Quartz No.4_0.53 GPa_QSL Quartz No.1_0.51 GPa_QSL Quartz No.3_0.43 GPa_QSL Quartz No.2_0.30 GPa_QSL

1000000

10000

N

100

1

1E-08

0.00001

0.01

10

m, g

Fig. 2. Samples test data. Cumulative fragment size(mass) distributions. Logarithmic axes.