PSI - Issue 47

11

Amani J. Majeed / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

Amani J. Majeed / Procedia Structural Integrity 47 (2023) 919–931

929

4.2. Steam Result Following are the steps to determine how much heat is needed to raise 100 gallons of water Step 1 h = 100 ∗ 8.3 ./ = 830 = 150 ° = 1 / × 830 .× 150 = 124500 Solar collectors absorb 3412 BTU/hr. m 2 h = 3,412 /h . m 2 × 13.98 m 2 = 47,699 /h Where h is the heat per hour will take th hours, where: th = w/ h = 2.6101 h . Total Heat per hour = 47700 BTU/hr. Step 2 Vaporization heat for water = 970 BTU/lb. = 805100 Solar collectors absorb 3412 BTU/hr. m 2 h = 3,412 /h × ^2 × 13.98 ^2 = 47,699 /h The time required to make 830 lbs of water to steam at the boiling point is: = 80,5100 / 47,699 /h = 16.8785 h h = 80510 / 1.68 = 47,700 /h Step 3 At 414.7 psia, the steam is further heated to 450 degrees F. From Steam Superheat Nomograph (Appendix) and with 80% steam quality and 1.2 Safety Factor The total heat per hour = 322840 BTU/hr. The total heat required= 418240 BTU/hr. Therefore, the amount of steam produced = 135.4774 h The total steam injection per hour = 637 tons Since the actual value of steam is 660 tons (Nellist & Solar, 2018), then the percentage of error is reasonable. There will be a greater need for steam in the process of thermal enhanced oil recovery (TEOR) in the coming years since heavy oil will make up 14 to 24 percent of Oman Oil Development's production in the next few years. The process of producing this steam consumes approximately 60% of the fuel, and this entails a significant cost on top of the environmental damage caused by burning large volumes of fuel. Miraah is therefore a carbon-free, low-cost option. 5. Conclusion The most desirable renewable energy source for integrating into the gas and oil industry is solar energy. However, many factors must be carefully considered before beginning a solar EOR project. According to the calculation, the amount of steam produced from solar energy per hour equals 135.4774 lb of steam, and the sum of the steam injection equals 637 tons, which gives a reasonable error percentage (3.46%) if compared to the actual system. Based on the results, the Miraah Project will save money because of its low-cost compared with fuel as well as protect the environment since it doesn't emit any carbon.