PSI - Issue 47

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Amani J. Majeed / Procedia Structural Integrity 47 (2023) 919–931 Amani J. Majeed / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

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2.1 The Solar Steam Generator Model System for phase 1 The construction of Miraah project in Amal oil field had three phases. In this work only the Phase1 studied as it has been completed and contributes 10% of the total output (6000 tons). It is divided into four blocks, each with four/five loops and eight rows, as shown in Fig.1. In an enclosed glass house, curved mirrors direct sunlight to a pipe filled with aquifer water, trapping solar thermal energy. When the concentrated sunlight boils water in a special steel pipe with a diameter of three inches, steam is created and passes to the oil reservoir. The temperature in addition to the pressure of solar steam are the same as those of natural gas steam. However, in order to achieve maximum efficiency, the mirrors must be protected from dust by the glass house. 3. Methodology To begin with, it is necessary to clarify the study area, so here is a glimpse of the Amal field. Where, on the south of Nimir, on the Eastern Flank of the South Oman Salt Basin, are the Amal West and East oil fields. Initially, the calculations were divided into two parts, one on the solar energy for the study area, and the other on the amount of steam used in recovery. 3.1. Solar energy calculation The intensity of beam radiation should only be considered in calculations if concentration technology uses only parallel rays. A wide variety of factors influence how much radiation is received by a surface, including its orientation, the position of the sun, and the intensity of beams coming in. The following are several angles from which these factors can be viewed: -Solar Declination Angle (d): It is the angle made by the solar rays with the equatorial level, and its value ranges between +23.45 and -23.45. [30 and 31] �� 23.45sin � 3 3 6 6 0 5 � 284 ���� Where: m is the day of year (1

- The hour angle ( φ ) : indicates the direction of the sun's angular displacement from the midday circle and Meridian. During morning and afternoon this angle is negative and positive, respectively:

φ = 15( τ -12)

- Direct normal irradiance (I DN ): Radiation received by a surface is always perpendicular to the direction of the sun's rays that do not spread or scatter when they strike it: = � �� � � � ��� � �� The numerical values of A and B is given by