PSI - Issue 47

Noorsuhada Md Nor et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 47 (2023) 732–743 Md Nor et al./ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

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one- hollow block reduces its overall stiffness and makes it more susceptible to bending or deflection under load. c. The deflection of one hollow composite blocks is higher than that of solid composite blocks with a difference of 26%. This is due to the presence of voids in the block which reduce the overall stiffness of the hollow block. d. The maximum strain in a hollow block is lower than in a solid block. This is because the strain in the blocks can be influenced by their geometry. In particular, the presence of voids in the hollow blocks can lead to lower elongation compared to solid blocks. e. The crack of the interlocked block was found visually in the middle of the block and matched well with the displacement contour from the ABAQUS model. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Higher Education and Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang for their support through research grant (600-RMC/FRGS 5/3 (045/2022)). References Begum, R.A., Siwar, C., Pereira, J.J., and Jaafar, A.H., 2006. A benefit cost analysis on the economic feasibility of construction waste minimization: The case of Malaysia. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 86-98. BS EN 13523-7, 2001. Coil coated metals. Test methods - Resistance to cracking on bending (T-bend test). Eguchi, K., Teranishi, K., Nakagome, A., Kishimoto, H., Shinozaki, K., and Narikawa, M., 2007. Application of recycled coarse aggregate by mixture to concrete construction. Construction and Building Materials, 21, 1542–1551. Fauzi, M.A., Arshad, M.F., and Md Nor, N., 2021. Statistical models to develop optimised controlled low-strength materials with wastepaper sludge ash. Construction and Building Materials, 286. Güneyisi, E., 2023 Axial compressive strength of square and rectangular CFST columns using recycled aggregate concrete with low to high recycled aggregate replacement ratios. Construction and Building Materials, 367. Guojue, W., Yingmin, L., Nina, Z., and Ingham, J.M., 2017. Testing and modelling the in-plane seismic response of clay brick masonry walls with boundary columns made of precast concrete interlocking block, Engineering Structures, 131, 513 – 529. Jamshidi, A., Kurumisawa, K., White, G., Nishizawa, T., Igarashi, T., Nawa, T., and Mao, J., 2029. State-of-the-art of interlocking concrete block pavement technology in Japan as a post-modern pavement. Construction and Building Materials, 200, 713-755. Jeslin, A.J., and Padmanaban, I., 2020. Experimental studies on interlocking block as wall panels, Materials Today: Proceedings, 21, 1 – 6. Kim, J., 2021. Properties of recycled aggregate concrete designed with equivalent mortar volume mix design, Construction and Building Materials, 301. Malaymail, 2023. https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/01/11/swcorp-intensifying-enforcement-to-combat-illegal-dumping-of construction-waste-in-kl-says director/49677#:~:text=%E2%80%9CIn%202022%2C%2042%20illegal%20dumping,increased%20from%2032%20in%202021 Nováková, I., and Mikulica, K., 2016. Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Natural Aggregate by Recycled Concrete Aggregates from Precast Production. Procedia Engineering, 151, 360–367. Olofinnade, O., Morawo, A., Okedairo, O., and Kim, B., 2021. Solid waste management in developing countries: Reusing of steel slag aggregate in eco-friendly interlocking concrete paving blocks production, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 14. Opara, H. E., Eziefula, U. G., and Ugwuegbu, C. C., 2016. Experimental study of concrete using recycled coarse aggregate. International Journal of Materials and Structural Integrity, 10(4), 123-132. Rathan, R.T.A.S., and Sunitha, V., 2022. Development of effective wearing layer elastic modulus for interlocking concrete block pavements. Construction and Building Materials 341. Ruslan, A., K., Md Nor, N., Kamar, M.S.H., Zainal, M.Y., Mat Saliah, S.N., Ismail, S., and Ibrahim, A., 2021. The Utilisation of Recycled Concrete Aggregate as Partial Sand Replacement in Wall Panel Production. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 9(6), 2018-2026. Shah, M. C., Gupta, K. K., Nainwal, A., Negi, A., and Kumar, V., 2021. Investigation of mechanical properties of concrete with natural aggregates partially replaced by recycled coarse aggregate (RCA). Materials Today: Proceedings, 46, 10315– 10321. Sharma, J., and Singla, S., 2014. Study of Recycled Concrete Aggregates. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 13(3), 123– 125. Uygunog  lu, T., Topcu, I.B., Gencel, O., and Brostow, W., 2012. The effect of fly ash content and types of aggregates on the properties of pre fabricated concrete interlocking blocks (PCIBs). Construction and Building Materials, 30, 180 – 187. Yang, S., and Lee, H., 2017. Structural performance of reinforced RCA concrete beams made by a modified EMV method. Sustain, 9, 1–13.