PSI - Issue 42

Theodoros Marinopoulos et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 42 (2022) 903–910 T. Marinopoulos et al./ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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The ultimate strength of 3D printed prosthetic sockets was tested according to BS EN ISO 10328 guidelines. Performance of the sockets was found to be significantly affected by both design and material. After calculating the load distribution in the socket, the reinforced designs were found to have the improved mechanical performance. A significant variation was observed between the performances of AM sockets printed with the same material from different manufacturers. Notionally the same material was found to significantly affect the performance. Strong considerations should be made when choosing a material, especially in the field of healthcare, due to variance in performance. References BSi BRITISH STANDARDS, 2006. Prosthetics -- Structural Testing of Lower-Limb Prostheses -- Requirements and Test Methods. BS EN ISO 103282006 3. Campbell, L., Lau, A., Pousett, B., Janzen, E., Raschke, S.U., 2018. How infill percentage affects the ultimate strength of 3d-printed transtibial sockets during initial contact. Can. Prosthetics Orthot. J. 1. https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v1i2.30843 Chen, R.K., Jin, Y. an, Wensman, J., Shih, A., 2016. Additive manufacturing of custom orthoses and prostheses-A review. Addit. Manuf. 12, 77 – 89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2016.04.002 Current, T.A., Kogler, G.F., Barth, D.G., 1999. Static structural testing of trans-tibial composite sockets. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 23, 113 – 122. https://doi.org/10.3109/03093649909071622 Gariboldi, F., Pasquarelli, D., Cutti, A.G., 2022. Structural testing of lower-limb prosthetic sockets: A systematic review. Med. Eng. Phys. 99, 103742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.103742 8Gerschutz, M.J., Haynes, M.L., Nixon, D., Colvin, J.M., 2012. Definitive laminated sockets. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 49, 405 – 426. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2011.05.0091 Gleadall, A., 2021. FullControl GCode Designer: Open-source software for unconstrained design in additive manufacturing. Addit. Manuf. 46, 102109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102109 Goh, J.C.H., Lee, P.V.S., Ng, P., 2002. Structural integrity of polypropylene prosthetic sockets manufactured using the polymer deposition technique. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med. 216, 359 – 368. https://doi.org/10.1243/095441102321032157 Hanon, M.M., Zsidai, L., 2021. Comprehending the role of process parameters and filament color on the structure and tribological performance of 3D printed PLA. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 15, 647 – 660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.08.061 Herbert, N., Simpson, D., Spence, W.D., Ion, W., 2005. A preliminary investigation into the development of 3-D printing of prosthetic sockets. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 42, 141 – 146. https://doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2004.08.0134 Jin, Y.A., Plott, J., Chen, R., Wensman, J., Shih, A., 2015. Additive manufacturing of custom orthoses and prostheses - A review. Procedia CIRP 36, 199 – 204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2015.02.125 Marinopoulos, T., Li, S., Silberschmidt, V. V, 2022. Structural integrity of 3D-printed prosthetic sockets: An experimental study for paediatric above-knee applications. Procedia Struct. Integr. 37, 139 – 144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2022.01.069 McGrath, M.P., Gao, J., Tang, J., Laszczak, P., Jiang, L., Bader, D., Moser, D., Zahedi, S., 2017. Development of a residuum/socket interface simulator for lower limb prosthetics. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med. 231, 235 – 242. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0954411917690764 Moetazedian, A., Allum, J., Gleadall, A., Silberschmidt, V. V., 2021. Bulk-material bond strength exists in extrusion additive manufacturing for a wide range of temperatures, speeds, and layer times. 3D Print. Addit. Manuf. 00, 1 – 10. https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2021.0112 Nguyen, K.T., Benabou, L., Alfayad, S., 2018. Systematic review of prosthetic socket fabrication using 3D printing. ACM Int. Conf. Proceeding Ser. Part F1376, 137 – 141. https://doi.org/10.1145/3191477.3191506 Owen, M.K., DesJardins, J.D., 2020. Transtibial prosthetic socket strength: The use of ISO 10328 in the comparison of standard and 3d-printed sockets. J. Prosthetics Orthot. 32, 93 – 100. https://doi.org/10.1097/JPO.0000000000000306 Pousett, B., Lizcano, A., Raschke, S.U., 2019. An investigation of the structural strength of transtibial sockets fabricated using conventional methods and rapid prototyping techniques. Can. Prosthetics Orthot. J. 2. https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v2i1.31008 Wittbrodt, B., Pearce, J.M., 2015. The effects of PLA color on material properties of 3-D printed components. Addit. Manuf. 8, 110 – 116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2015.09.006