PSI - Issue 42

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ScienceDirect

Procedia Structural Integrity 42 (2022) 1274–1281 Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2022) 000–000 Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2022) 000–000

www.elsevier.com / locate / procedia www.elsevier.com / locate / procedia

© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 23 European Conference on Fracture – ECF23 Abstract Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) applications are growing at an accelerated rate. As the impact of FFF in industries becomes more significant, accuracy and reliability of parts can compromise its adoption. Warping is a distortion where the surfaces of the printed part do not follow the intended shape of the design and is one of the most common problems when 3D printing with ABS material. In a previous work, ironing, a type of layer-by-layer heat treatment developed to reduce surface roughness, has been proposed as a potential solution to this problem. This work aims to determine the influence of ironing and related process parameters, in the warping of ABS parts. Results obtained suggest that applying the ironing technique within the first three layers of the specimen gives the most consistent warping reduction while minimizing secondary distortion e ff ects. In conclusion, under specific conditions, ironing was successfully validated as a method to reduce warping in ABS parts produced by FFF. 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. is is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http: // creativec mmons.org / licenses / by-nc-nd / 4.0 / ) er-review under responsibility of 23 European Conference on F acture – ECF23 . Keywords: Curling; Distortions; Thermal processing; Post processing; FDM Abstract Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) applications are growing at an accelerated rate. As the impact of FFF in industries becomes more significant, accuracy and reliability of parts can compromise its adoption. Warping is a distortion where the surfaces of the printed part do not follow the intended shape of the design and is one of the most common problems when 3D printing with ABS material. In a previous work, ironing, a type of layer-by-layer heat treatment developed to reduce surface roughness, has been proposed as a potential solution to this problem. This work aims to determine the influence of ironing and related process parameters, in the warping of ABS parts. Results obtained suggest that applying the ironing technique within the first three layers of the specimen gives the most consistent warping reduction while minimizing secondary distortion e ff ects. In conclusion, under specific conditions, ironing was successfully validated as a method to reduce warping in ABS parts produced by FFF. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http: // creativecommons.org / licenses / by-nc-nd / 4.0 / ) Peer-review under responsibility of 23 European Conference on Fracture – ECF23 . Keywords: Curling; Distortions; Thermal processing; Post processing; FDM 23 European Conference on Fracture – ECF23 Ironing process influence on the warping of ABS parts produced by Fused Filament Fabrication Manuel Sardinha a, ∗ , Jose´ Lopes b , Afonso Gusma˜o b , Lu´ıs Reis a , Marco Leite a 23 European Conference on Fracture – ECF23 Ironing process influence on the warping of ABS parts produced by Fused Filament Fabrication Manuel Sardinha a, ∗ , Jose´ Lopes b , Afonso Gusma˜o b , Lu´ıs Reis a , Marco Leite a a IDMEC, Instituto Superior Te´cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal b IST, Instituto Superior Te´cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal a IDMEC, Instituto Superior Te´cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal b IST, Instituto Superior Te´cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal

1. Introduction 1. Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a process that uses CAD software to build three-dimensional structures by creat ing layer upon layer of material. Due to its additive nature, this manufacturing technology makes it possible to obtain complex geometries, which are very di ffi cult to be obtained through traditional processes [1]. AM assumes an indis putably important function in today’s world. Regarding polymer AM industry-related production, predictions expect it to generate $24 billion in revenues in 2024 [2]. AM has become a useful technique in various applications, including prototyping, tissue engineering, materials for energy, chemistry reactions, molecular visualization, microfluidics, and low-density, high-strength materials [3, 4, 5]. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a process that uses CAD software to build three-dimensional structures by creat ing layer upon layer of material. Due to its additive nature, this manufacturing technology makes it possible to obtain complex geometries, which are very di ffi cult to be obtained through traditional processes [1]. AM assumes an indis putably important function in today’s world. Regarding polymer AM industry-related production, predictions expect it to generate $24 billion in revenues in 2024 [2]. AM has become a useful technique in various applications, including prototyping, tissue engineering, materials for energy, chemistry reactions, molecular visualization, microfluidics, and low-density, high-strength materials [3, 4, 5].

∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: 00351918554133 E-mail address: manuel.r.sardinha@tecnico.ulisboa.pt ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: 00351918554133 E-mail address: manuel.r.sardinha@tecnico.ulisboa.pt

2452-3216 © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 23 European Conference on Fracture – ECF23 10.1016/j.prostr.2022.12.162 2210-7843 © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http: // creativecommons.org / licenses / by-nc-nd / 4.0 / ) Peer-review under responsibility of 23 European Conference on Fracture – ECF23 . 2210-7843 © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http: // creativecommons.org / licenses / by-nc-nd / 4.0 / ) Peer-review under responsibility of 23 European Conference on Fracture – ECF23 .