PSI - Issue 42

ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2022) 000 – 000 tr t r l I t rit r i ( ) Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect il l li t . i i t. ScienceDirect

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Procedia Structural Integrity 42 (2022) 608–613

© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 23 European Conference on Fracture – ECF23 Atherosclerotic plaque is one of the arterial diseases which builds up in the arterial wall and can be identified by the composition of the plaque. Atherosclerosis causes the narrowing or occlusions of the arterial lumen leading to cardiovascular event. Percutaneous (keyhole) endovascular stenting has become the most common revascularisation method due to its minimum invasive nature and low complication rate. The stents, mostly fabricated by laser machines, have uniform geometries which are not ideal to treat the diseased arteries with lesion-specific properties. In addition, the effect of arterial plaque compositions on the performance of stents is not fully investigated. In this study, the deployment performance of the stents with the varied design, made of the 316L stainless steel and fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM) technology, were investigated. An in vitro experiment was conducted to test the influence of the atherosclerotic plaque compositions at 55% stenosis on the commercial and AM fabricated stents. Two artificial plaques (lipid and calcified) were prepared manually, and their mechanical testing were conducted using an unconfined compression test. Two types of stents, printed and commercial stents, were used to treat the diseased artificial artery, and the data of the pressure and diameter were collected simultaneously when the stent inflation pressure was applied. The results show that the mechanical property of the artificial lipid plaques was very similar to the real lipid plaque that observed from clinical study. From the deployment performance test for these two types of stents, it was observed that as the pressure inside of balloon increases, the diameters measured at the external wall of the artificial artery also increase when the pressure is above 4 atm. Overall, there is a close linear relationship between pressure and arterial wall movement with lipid plaque in both printed and commercial stents though that the stent made of AM technology is less flexible and has lower elastic property than the commercial one © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of 23 European Conference on Fracture - ECF23 Keywords: Lipid Plaque, Additive Manufacturing, Stents t t i l i i il i t t i l ll i ti i t iti of t l . t l i t i l i t t i l l l i t i l t. t l l t ti t t l i ti t t it i i i i t l li ti t . t t , tl i t l i , i t i i t i l t t t t i t i it l i i i ti . iti , t t t i l l iti t t t i t ll i ti t . t i t , t l t t t t it t i i , t t i l t l i t iti t i t l , i ti t . i it i t t t t t t i l t t l ti l iti t t i t i l i t t t . ti i i l l li i l i i ll , t i i l t ti t i i i t t. t t t , i t i l t t , t t t t i ti i i l t , t t of the pressure and diameter were collected simultaneously when the stent inflation pressure was applied. The results show that the i l t t ti i i l li i l i il t t l li i l t t li i l t . t l t t t t t t t t , it t t t i i ll i , t i t t t t l ll t ti i i l t l i t i t . ll, t i l li l ti i t t i l ll t it li i l i t i t i l t t t t t t t t t l i l l i l l l ti t t t i l t . li l i . . Thi i ti l t li tt :// ti . /li / / . / i i ilit t : i i l , iti f t i , t t 23 European Conference on Fracture - ECF23 In vitro study of the deployment performance of 3D printed stents in the diseased artery with the lipid arterial plaques. M. Abdulsalam a , J. Feng a* , R. Garrard b , MM. Attallah b , F Serracino-Inglott c L. Zhao d a Department of Science and Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD b School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK c Vascular Department, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, M13 9WL, UK d Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK Abstract . l l a , . a* , . b , . ll b , i l t c . d a t t f i i t, t t lit i it , t , b l f t ll t i l , i it f i i , i i , , c l t t, t i it ti t, , d lfs l f i l, l tri l f t ri i ri , r i rsit , i l , r , , stract t l ti l i

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Cardiovascular diseases are one of the major causes of death in the world, which occurs when there are disorders between the heart and blood vessels (Chai et al., 2014). These disorders lead to several diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, aortic disease, and Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) (Akyildiz et al., 2014). Arterial plaque is one of the common serious diseases in the cardiovascular system which their main compositions include lipid core t t t l l i t l., . i l t l i t i , t , ti i , i l t i l i il i t l., . t i l l i t i i i t i l t i t i i iti i l li i

2452-3216 © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 23 European Conference on Fracture – ECF23 10.1016/j.prostr.2022.12.077 2452-3216 © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of 23 European Conference on Fracture - ECF23 l i r . . i i rti l r t - - li ( tt :// r ti . r /li / - - / . /) i i ilit t - t r . li